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Arch Linux Setup Guide

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Tags: #linux #Arch Linux #setup #shell #manual

基本系统安装

前置准备

  • 检查网络
    ip link
  • 更新系统时间
    timedatectl set-ntp true

准备磁盘

  • 分区

    • 查看当前磁盘信息
    fdisk -l
    • 进入分区
    fdisk /dev/the_disk_to_be_partitioned（要被分区的磁盘）

    uefi参考：

    挂载点分区分区类型大小
    /mnt/boot/EFI/dev/efi_system_partitionEFI系统分区300M
    [swap] 移动设备建议不要/dev/swap_partition/Linux swap (交换空间)> 512M (2G if physical ram > 4G)
    /mnt/dev/root_partitionLinux x86-64 根目录 (/)剩余空间

    • 移动设备的情况下:

      挂载点分区分区类型大小
      nonenoneBIOS启动分区1M
      /mnt/boot/EFI/dev/efi_system_partitionEFI系统分区300M
      /mnt/dev/root_partitionLinux x86-64 根目录 (/)剩余空间

    • 格式化分区

     mkfs.ext4 /dev/root_partition（根分区）
 # 移动设备关闭日志 mkfs.ext4 -O "^has_journal" /dev/root_partition（根分区）
 mkswap /dev/swap_partition（交换空间分区）
 mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/efi_system_partition
    • 挂载分区&启用交换空间
    mount /dev/root_partition（根分区） /mnt
mount /dev/efi_system_partition /mnt/boot/efi
swapon /dev/swap_partition（交换空间分区）

安装系统

  • 设置cn源

    第一种方法

    #!/bin/bash
curl 'https://archlinux.org/mirrorlist/?country=CN&prototcol=http&protocol=https&ip_version=4' > /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist && \
echo /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist && \
sudo vim /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist && \
echo 'pacman mirror list updated'

    然后将/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist中注释去掉

    第二种方法

    在/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist中搜索CN，放到最前面，推荐aliyun的源

  • 安装系统&软件包

pacstrap /mnt base base-devel linux linux-firmware vim vi sudo git
# 移动设备 可以使用基于BFQ的io调度内核linux-zen，把linux换成linux-zen

参考：BFQ

系统配置

系统引导

  • 配置fstab
genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
  • 安装grub
pacman -S efibootmgr grub

# uefi
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory={挂载点,如/mnt/boot/EFI} --bootloader-id=GRUB

# bios(非GPT分区无需其他空间，但GPT分区需要有一块1M的BIOS boot分区)
grub-install --target=i386-pc /dev/sdX

移动设备的情况下

假设分区顺序是： - BIOS - EFI - root 要先在这块设备上写入引导信息，运行gdisk /dev/sdX

# gdisk /dev/sdX

Command (? for help): r
Recovery/transformation command (? for help): h

WARNING! Hybrid MBRs are flaky and dangerous! If you decide not to use one,
just hit the Enter key at the below prompt and your MBR partition table will
be untouched.

Type from one to three GPT partition numbers, separated by spaces, to be added to the hybrid MBR, in sequence: 1 2 3
Place EFI GPT (0xEE) partition first in MBR (good for GRUB)? (Y/N): N

Creating entry for GPT partition #1 (MBR partition #1)
Enter an MBR hex code (default EF): 
Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): N

Creating entry for GPT partition #2 (MBR partition #2)
Enter an MBR hex code (default EF): 
Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): N

Creating entry for GPT partition #3 (MBR partition #3)
Enter an MBR hex code (default 83): 
Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): Y

Recovery/transformation command (? for help): x
Expert command (? for help): h
Expert command (? for help): w

Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!

Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y

如果不需要兼容，不用做这一步，混合分区会在设备上存在两个分区表，系统识别这个设备分区的时候具体的行为完全依赖于系统的实现，非常不稳定

注意：写完hybrid之后，默认的windows中就只认MBR分区，假设分区按上面的例子，且还有一个4号分区，那么由于MBR的限制 在windows中第四个分区是无法正确识别文件系统的，如果要使用第四个分区且要通过MBR引导，那么这里就要在MBR写入134分区 ESP分区可以不用写到MBR里

pacman -S efibootmgr grub amd-ucode intel-ucode

# uefi + MBR(BIOS)混合启动
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory={挂载点,如/mnt/boot/EFI} --removable
 --bootloader-id=GRUB --boot-directory={root挂载点,如/mnt}/boot

grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot /dev/sdX #注意这里是整个设备

# 作为保险
grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot /dev/{root的那个分区}
  • 切换到已经安装的系统
arch-chroot /mnt
  • 配置grub.cfg
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

系统初始化设置

  • 设置时区
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
hwclock --systohc
  • 本地化
locale-gen

– 移动设备最小化磁盘访问,把日志放到内存 修改/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/usbstick.conf 写入

[Journal]
Storage=volatile
RuntimeMaxUse=30M
  • initramfs 如果是移动设备，将/etc/mkinitcpio.conf中HOOKS里面的block和keyboard放到autodetect前面，然后
mkinitcpio -P

创建/etc/locale.conf,设置LANG=en_US.UTF-8

  • hostname 创建/etc/hostname,写入主机名
  • root密码
passwd
  • hosts 向/etc/hosts写入
127.0.0.1 localhost
::1 localhost
127.0.0.1 {hostname}
  • 安装网络工具

*networkmanager已经不使用dhcpcd, 因此需要安装dhclient

pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant dialog dhcpcd dhclient netctl networkmanager network-manager-applet gnome-keyring
# 设置网络开机启动
systemctl enable NetworkManager.service
  • 新增用户
useradd -m -G users,audio,lp,optical,storage,video,wheel,power -s /bin/bash 普通用户名
passwd 普通用户名

运行visudo, 去掉%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL注释

到这里基本已经完成最小系统的配置和安装，在继续之前，改启动项然后reboot

DE/WM/DM

  • 安装xorg
sudo pacman -S xorg xorg-xinit
## 移动设备要安装
# xf86-input-synaptics 支持触控板
# xf86-video-vesa, xf86-video-ati, xf86-video-intel, xf86-video-amdgpu, xf86-video-nouveau and xf86-video-fbdev. 大多数的开源显卡驱动
#  libeatmydata  可以禁用fsync，比如对于firefox：eatmydata firefox
  • 安装字体
sudo pacman -S terminus-font

  • 安装DE

    • Mate
      • 安装mate
      sudo pacman -S mate mate-extra
      • 配置xinitrc
      cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc
      把最后的启动换成exec mate-session
    • XFCE
      • 安装xfce
      sudo pacman -S xfce4 xfce4-goodies
      • 配置xinitrc
      cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc
      把最后的启动换成exec startxfce4

  • 仅安装WM

    (略)

  • 安装DM

    • lightdm
      sudo pacman -S lightdm-gtk-greeter

其他

支持hyper-v增强模式

git clone https://www.github.com/Microsoft/linux-vm-tools
cd linux-vm-tools/arch
# 要先开代理
./make...
./install...

然后记得在win中用管理员设置

Set-VM -VMName <your_vm_name>  -EnhancedSessionTransportType HvSocket

如果无法通过增强模式连接

arch wiki [loginctl or systemctl –user not working]

Try commenting out all the references to systemd-home in /etc/pam.d/system-auth, see github issue

alias

alias s='sudo'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias la='ls -a --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
alias lla='ls -l -a --color=auto'
alias pac='pacman -S'
alias pacyu='pacman -Syu'
alias spac='sudo pacman -S'
alias spacyu='sudo pacman -Syu'
alias v='vim'
alias sv='sudo vim'

rsync备份

  • 安装rsync
sudo pacman -S rsync
  • backup.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo '==> start to backup... type device:' && \
	read device && \
	echo '==> type mount dir:' && \
	read mount_dir && \
	echo '==> umount $device...'; \
	umount $device;\
	echo '==> umount /mnt/$mount_dir...'; \
	umount /mnt/$mount_dir; 
	echo '==> remove /mnt/$mount_dir...'; \
	rm -rf /mnt/$mount_dir && \
	echo '==> create directory /mnt/$mount_dir...'; \
	mkdir /mnt/$mount_dir; \
	echo '==> mount $device to /mnt/$mount_dir...'; \
	mount $device /mnt/$mount_dir; \
	echo '==> create direcotry /mnt/$mount_dir/system_bakcup...'; \
	mkdir /mnt/$mount_dir/system_backup;
	echo '==> start to sync files to /mnt/$mount_dir/system_backup...'; \
	rsync --archive --one-file-system --hard-links \
	--acls --xattrs --sparse \
	--human-readable --numeric-ids --delete --delete-excluded \
	--itemize-changes --verbose --progress \
	--exclude='*~' \
	--exclude='$device' \
	--exclude='/mnt' \
	--exclude='/dev' \
	--exclude='/var/tmp' \
	--exclude='/tmp' \
	/ /mnt/$mount_dir/system_backup && \
echo '==> finished.'

中文及字体设置

  • 语言配置 去掉/etc/locale.gen中的zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8和en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8的注释

根据需要在~/.xinitrc或者~/.bashrc配置

在~/.xinitrc中配置要注意在exec xxx之前

export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
export LANGUAGE=zh_CN:en_US
  • 字体配置
sudo pacman -S wqy-bitmapfont wqy-microhei noto-fonts noto-fonts-emoji

设置~/.config/fontconfig/fonts.conf

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
<fontconfig>

  <!-- 显示器使用的像素排列方式 -->
  <match target="font">
    <edit mode="assign" name="rgba">
      <const>rgb</const>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- 字体微调的程度, 可选 hintnone, hintslight (默认), hintmedium, hintfull. -->
  <!-- 更高的 hinting 等级可使字体更锐利，同时也会损失更多的细节 -->
  <!-- 如果显示器的 DPI 高得不像话 (>=300), 可关闭 hinting, 字体会自然对齐像素 -->
  <match target="font">
    <edit mode="assign" name="hintstyle">
      <const>hintslight</const>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- 抗锯齿. 除非屏幕DPI奇高否则建议开启 -->
  <match target="font">
    <edit mode="assign" name="antialias">
      <bool>true</bool>
    </edit>
  </match>


<!-- 全局默认字体　-->
  <match>
    <edit mode="prepend" name="family">
      <string>Terminus</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

<!-- 全局默认英文字体 -->
  <match>
    <test compare="contains" name="lang">
      <string>en</string>
    </test>
    <edit mode="prepend" name="family">
      <string>Terminus</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

<!-- 全局默认中文字体 -->
  <match>
    <test compare="contains" name="lang">
      <string>zh</string>
    </test>
    <edit mode="prepend" name="family">
      <string>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

<!-- 默认无衬线字体 -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test qual="any" name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string></test>
    <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="same">
      <string>Terminus</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

<!-- 默认衬线字体 -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test qual="any" name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="same">
      <string>Terminus</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

<!-- 默认等宽字体 -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test qual="any" name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="same">
      <string>Terminus</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- 字体替换 -->
  <!--SimSun, Microsoft YaHei, SimHei -> WenQuanYi Micro Hei -->
  <match target="pattern">
      <test name="family">
          <string>宋体</string>
      </test>
      <edit name="family" mode="assign" binding="strong">
          <string>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</string>
          <!-- <string>Noto Serif CJK SC</string> -->
      </edit>
  </match>
  <match target="pattern">
      <test name="family">
          <string>SimSun</string>
      </test>
      <edit name="family" mode="assign" binding="strong">
          <string>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</string>
          <!-- <string>Noto Serif CJK SC</string> -->
      </edit>
  </match>
  <match target="pattern">
      <test qual="any" name="family">
          <string>SimSun-18030</string>
      </test>
      <edit name="family" mode="assign" binding="same">
          <string>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</string>
         <!-- <string>Noto Serif CJK SC</string> -->
      </edit>
  </match>

  <match target="pattern">
    <test qual="any" name="family">
        <string>Microsoft YaHei</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="assign" binding="same">
          <string>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</string>
      </edit>
  </match>

<match target="pattern">
    <test qual="any" name="family">
        <string>SimHei</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="assign" binding="same">
          <string>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</string>
      </edit>
  </match>

  <match target="pattern">
      <test name="family">
          <string>Times New Roman</string>
      </test>
      <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
          <string>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</string>
      </edit>
  </match>
  <match target="pattern">
      <test name="family">
          <string>Terminus</string>
      </test>
      <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
          <string>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</string>
      </edit>
  </match>


<!-- 备用字体优先顺序 -->
  <alias>
    <family>sans-serif</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Terminus</family>
      <family>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</family>
      <family>Noto Color Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Sans</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK SC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK TC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK JP</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK KR</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>
  <alias>
    <family>serif</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Terminus</family>
      <family>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</family>
      <family>Noto Color Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Sans</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK SC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK TC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK JP</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK KR</family>
      <family>Noto Emoji</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>
  <alias>
    <family>monospace</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Terminus</family>
      <family>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</family>
      <family>Noto Color Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Sans</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK SC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK TC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK JP</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK KR</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>

</fontconfig>

设置字体偏好:/etc/fonts/conf.d/64-language-selector-prefer.conf

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
<fontconfig>  
<alias>
    <family>sans-serif</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Terminus</family>
      <family>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</family>
      <family>Noto Color Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Sans</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK SC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK TC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK JP</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK KR</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>
  <alias>
    <family>serif</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Terminus</family>
      <family>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</family>
      <family>Noto Color Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Sans</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK SC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK TC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK JP</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK KR</family>
      <family>Noto Emoji</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>
  <alias>
    <family>monospace</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Terminus</family>
      <family>WenQuanYi WenQuanYi Bitmap Song</family>
      <family>Noto Color Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Emoji</family>
      <family>Noto Sans</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK SC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK TC</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK JP</family>
      <family>Noto Sans CJK KR</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>
</fontconfig>

安装fcitx5

sudo pacman -S fcitx5-im fcitx5-chinese-addons fcitx5-mozc

xfce的声音

 sudo pacman -S alsa-utils pulseaudio pulseaudio-alsa \
  pavucontrol      #与xfce4 panel里面的插件配合使用,必须要有这个进程

xfce4 panel设置里面添加一个pulseaudio plugin的插件

alsamixer F6选择声卡,然后把mm的M键去掉,上下箭头调节,auto-mute disable了以后,loopback enable. reboot重启,这时候xfce4的插件就可以调节声音了

安装chrome

#AUR 助手
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay-git.git
cd yay-git
makepkg -si

#yay不要用root
yay -S google-chrome

#升级
yay -Syu

安装clash

看这 或者class for windows

支持ntfs

sudo pacman -S ntfs-3g

[参考]